A) Describe 2 Studies Of Perceptual Development (12 Marks). Essays

a) Describe 2 investigations of perceptual turn of events (12 imprints). b) Assess the manner by which such investigations help to clarify the improvement of discernment (12 imprints). In the accompanying exposition I mean to depict two investigations of perceptual improvement. I at that point mean to evaluate such examinations and how they help to clarify the advancement of observation. By perceptual turn of events, I mean how creatures and people the same build up their seeing abilities. This improvement of observation could be educated or inborn. By inborn, I intend to be brought into the world with the capacity. a) Gibson and Walk directed an investigation in 1960. The examination was exploring Depth Perception. The investigation included a 6-month-old youngster, 24-hour-old chicks, children and sheep. Gibson and Walk utilized a 'Visual Cliff' to direct the examination. The 'Visual Cliff' was included 2 stories. On one side there was a registration design, on the opposite side there is glass floor. Underneath the glass floor there was another floor with registration design. This was set with the goal that a figment of a precipice and profundity was made. From the outset the youngster was set and was seen as hesitant to go onto the glass. The kid's hesitance could be viewed as even with support from the kid's mom, the youngster would not go onto the glass. The examination was proceeded on chicks, children and sheep. All subjects contemplated would not go onto the glass. Held and Hein directed an investigation in 1965. The examination was exploring Depth Perception. The examination included two cats. The little cats were kept in obscurity for a time of about two months since their introduction to the world and for three hours out of each day they were kept in a 'Cat Carousel'. The little cats were given suitable name. 'Latent Kitten' and Active Kitten' were their names. The Active Kitten was enabled to move uninhibitedly at it's own circumspection, during the two months. The Passive Kitten couldn't move uninhibitedly during the two months. The two Kittens were discharged into the light. The Passive Kitten demonstrated no proof of seeing profundity. The Active Kitten improved then the Passive Kitten. b) Studies like the over two assistance clarify the improvement of discernment. Studies do this by permitting us to comprehend if observation is found out or an inborn procedure. The primary examination recommended that their subjects could see Depth Perception. Anyway the examination didn't plainly distinguish whether recognition was natural or educated. This couldn't be distinguished as the youngster's age made a 'timespan' were discernment could be educated. To explain this the examination was directed on creature subjects. The entirety of the subjects could see profundity. Anyway the creature subjects stroll from nearly birth. This capacity to walk recommends an alternate procedure of discernment to the human recognition. Discernment in the creature subjects is by all accounts a natural procedure. The subsequent investigation was kept to 'Little cats'. The examination proposed that profundity observation is found out. This was recommended by the 'Aloof Kitten', confined from development couldn't see profundity once free. The little cat couldn't utilize tactile engine co-appointment. This recommends a connection among discernment and tangible engine co-appointment. The investigation proposed recognition is found out in little cats. Condition factors likewise may influence discernment. The examination had moral concerns, the 'Inactive Kitten' was 'disabled'. The Kittens guardians may have a hereditary effect on their conduct. The examination doesn't recommend what kind of little cats was explored. For Example; 'Local or Non-Domestic'. There are different varieties of Kittens (felines) and hence this might be asserted as a variable. Thus making the outcomes invalid. . Various sorts of Kittens typically require their folks for a shifted time of their initial life. This may influence the outcomes. The two examinations didn't recommend what profundity observation resembles in 'People'. The investigations were restricted to creatures, which can not impart through any human made language and accordingly confusion can happen. Thus, the legitimacy of the outcomes comes into concern. Different investigations of recognition have happened. Anyway leading investigations of human recognition is confounded, as it is difficult to sum up. Normally contemplates are done on westernized subjects instead of subjects from underdeveloped nations. Studies propose that social variety, condition and social perspectives can have an effect on recognition. In this manner numerous examinations led exceptional are invalid for

DB7&8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB7 - Essay Example It ought not be where coaches manager students around instead of that, they ought to collaborate as companions and knowing each other by names. Studies have demonstrated that even a straightforward thing like tending to students by name helps the connection among them and the mentor (Wexler& Garry 2002). When managing a contention including students, a mentor needs to think of a few procedures to tackle it. For this situation, the best referee consistently comes out with an ideal method to stop the contention and ensure that it might never occur in future. When illuminating a contention, the mentor should be of sound judgment and be as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. This must be accomplished if the mentor is following the best possible peace making systems. In actuality, I encountered one occurrence where the coach would yell at the students who were clashing and request them stop and be companions or, more than likely he would oust them. My recommendation to settling such a contention will include tuning in, understanding and attempting to determine the contention. Above all else, listening includes gathering the two learners and let them portray their side of story. In accordance with that, a mentor ought to likewise guarantee the other coach is tuning; along these lines he is certain they are imparting in the same spot. After the two learners have portrayed their accounts, clarify that you are there to help settle the contention. It is significant for the students to comprehend that you don’t have a supernatural answer for their contention rather you are there to assist them with finding an answer. It is critical to ensure that you keep up your objectivity in any event, when you know 100% that it is mentor B that wronged coach A. hopping to coaches A side will cause mentor B to feel like you are both ganging against him/her (Wexler& Garry 2002).. Keeping up the serenity is indispensable: Anger obscures ones judgment. As it were since the two gatherings are irate and possibly nearly

99 Ways to Spread the Word About a Book You Love

99 Ways to Spread the Word About a Book You Love You’ve bought a book, and you’ve fallen in love. Or, your best friend’s first novel is coming out. How do you make sure as many people hear about these books you love or these authors you care about? I have a feeling, completely unquantifiable and unprovable but borne out by my own experience, that the more times someone hears about or sees a book, the more likely they are at least to check it out and see if it’s something they would enjoy. So all of the things below matter! They may seem like tiny things, and many of them are, but cumulatively, they make a difference. Many of them take seconds and most of them cost nothing. But if you want to put in serious money, time, creativity and commitment, there are options for those, too. Note: it’s probably best to spread these out over days, weeks, or even months, and across different social media, so that people don’t get thoroughly sick of the very mention of the book in question. That said, the first few days of a book being out are crucial, so by all means go all out (within non-spammy reason) during that first week. Buy the book. Buy it early. Buy it often. That first week of sales matters immensely. 1. Pre-order the book. 2. When the online store prompts you to, share that pre-order on social media. 3. Buy the book for other people. Read (or at least start reading) the book. This is necessary for many of the other steps, and also so you can make eye contact with your friend. (That said, your friend would probably prefer you buy the book and not read it, rather than not buying it at all.) 4. Read the book in public places. 5. Read other books inside this book so that it always looks as if you’re reading the book even when you’re not. 6. Get your book club to read the book. 7. Invite the author to your book club discussion, then blog or tweet about the experience. Talk about the book. 8. Talk about it to everyone you know. 9. Talk about it in public places, perhaps slightly more loudly than is strictly necessary. (But not in the quiet car on the train. This will not evoke warm fluffy feeling towards the book.) 10. Mention the book when you’re commenting on Book Riot’s Inbox/Outbox posts. (Keep it non spammy and genuine though!) Review the book. 11. Review it on Amazon. 12. Review it on other countries’ Amazon stores, especially, if it’s a book in English, on .co.uk and .ca. 13. If you speak another language, write a review in the relevant Amazon stores too. 14. Copy and paste your review into Goodreads. 15. Copy and paste your review into every other store you can find: Kobo, Barnes and Noble, WH Smith, Chapters, Fnac. 16. Copy and paste your review onto your blog. Facebook 17. Click on the little face and do an “am reading” status update â€" preferably one that shows the book’s cover. 18. Like the book. 19. Like the author’s page. 20. Invite your friends (selectively, in a non spammy way) to like the book and the author’s page. 21. Use the “add a short bio” that we’re now offered to say you’re reading the book. Libraries and Bookshops 22. Request the book at the library. 23. Ask a bookstore employee if they have the book, even if you know they do and you know where it is. You want the booksellers to keep hearing about this book so that they have it fresh in their mind when it comes to recommending things (hand-selling, in bookstore parlance). 24. Pick up the book, and very obviously read it. For bonus points, make appreciative sounds or faces as appropriate. 25. Slightly rearrange the book on the shelf so that its cover is facing outward (but the display is still tidy so a bookseller will not immediately spot it and change it back, and also so you are being respectful to the bookshop). 26. Take a picture of the book in its natural habitat and post it on Instagram/Facebook/Twitter/your social network of choice. 27. If you see someone else pick up the book, tell them about how great it is or why you like it or how lovely the author is. 28. Talk to the librarian or bookshop person about the book when you pay for it or check it out. 29. If you or someone you know works in a library or bookshop, talk to them about hosting an author event. 30. Call the Penguin Hotline and ask for books that are similar to this one. Instagram 31. Take a picture of the book in some arty way and post it with the hashtag #bookstagram. (Search that hashtag for inspiration of said arty things, if you’re not that way inclined.) 32. Also add whatever the preferred hashtag is for the title of the book. Then click on that hashtag and like all the relevant posts. 33. Take a picture of the book with coffee and post it on Instagram with the hashtag #booksandcoffee, as well as the title hashtag. Repeat with #booksandwine. 34. Post a picture of yourself reading the book, with the cover out. 35. If you see someone reading the book in public, take a surreptitious photo and post that too â€" although it’s probably best to ask permission if you’re going to use their face. 36. If you happen to be in New York City and see someone reading it who happens to be a hot dude, take a picture and email it to submissions@hotdudesreading.com for their Instagram feed. 37. Pile up all the books you have that have the same themes or the same setting or the same author or the same genre and take an arty picture. Post in on Instagram with a few good hashtags and link to the all the other social media. 38. Post a shelfie on Instagram and/or Pinterest, and link it to your other social media accounts. Leave the book in strategic places. Preferably with some kind of sticker or note indicating that it is there to be taken and read. If you want to join something official to help with this, bookcrossing.com is a good place to start. 39. Leave it on public transport. 40. Leave it in one of those airport bookstores where you can leave a book/take a book. 41. Leave it on a bench in the park, if it doesn’t rain much where you live. 42. Leave it in a Little Free Library. 43. Donate a copy to your local library. 44. Donate a copy to the local charity shop/Goodwill store. 45. Lend it to your friends. Goodreads Get an account if you don’t have one already, add friends, and populate it with other books, preferably ahead of time, so that you don’t look like a spamming marketing machine when the time comes. 46. Search for the book. Click on “want to read” under the cover picture. 47. Enter the Giveaway if there is one. (You already own the book, yes, but you can do many things with this spare copy if you do win it, and your entering the Giveaway will show up on people’s timelines, which is the point of many of these things.) 48. In the top right corner, click on “recommend it”. Send it selectively to the people you genuinely think will enjoy it, if possible using the “add message” function. 49. About half way down the book’s Goodreads page, under “lists with this book”, click on “more lists with this book”. Then click on each list; you’ll be taken to where the book appears in that list. Click on “vote for this book”. 50. On the top right corner of the “lists with this book” page, there is an option to search lists, and to create lists. Do a search for lists, anything that is related to the book, and add it if it’s not there already. For example, Books set in x town or books published in 2009. 51. Think about what other lists might work for this book: blue covers, books coming out in 2017, books set in Italy, etc. Be creative. Make the list; add the book; add some others, too. 52. Follow the author or add the author as a friend. 53. Ask the author questions on their Goodreads author page. 54. Under the Explore tab, go to Quotes, and add your favourites from the book or like them if they’re already there. 55. Like good reviews of the book. Email 56. Set your email signature via Goodreads to display the cover of your friends book at the bottom of each email. The List App (or your blog) Here’s a handy refresher if you’ve yet to get the app. It’s like a DIY Buzzfeed or a smarter Twitter â€" where you can make and share lists. Of, if you can’t get the app (it’s iPhone only for the moment), use these prompts for blog posts instead. 57. Make a list of reasons you love this book. 58. Make a list of your favourite quotes from the book. 59. Break the review into bullet points and post it as a list. 60. Post interview questions and (short) answers with the author. 61. Make a list of all the emotions you felt while reading the book, with pics or emoji or gifs. 62. Add the book to all the relevant lists where people are asking for recommendations or books on a specific subject. 63. Write about other things tangentially connected with the book and work in a mention of the book. 64. Click the “…” at the bottom right of the list, and use this function to tweet the lists, and share them in other ways, too. Your Blog See above, but also: 65. Host a giveaway. (The author or her publicist may be able to help you with this.) 66. Blog about the experience of having a friend with a published book. Get Creative 67. Write an essay about your relationship with the book for your blog, or submit the essay to literary journals or book magazines or places like BuzzFeed Books or LitHub or as your audition piece for becoming a Book Riot contributor. 68. Design book swag like t-shirts and cushions and sell them through your Society 6 store (check this is okay with the author first, though). 69. Make a playlist for the book and share it on The List App and/or Spotify. 70. Make a graphic quote (tips here) and post it on Pinterest. 71. Draw a picture of the author, Kate Gavino style, or salient feature of the book, and post it on Tumblr or Pinterest. 72. Design themed jewellery for your Etsy store 73. Write fan fiction and post links to it on social media 74. Write the title and name of the author in chalk on the pavement/sidewalk outside your home. 75. Host a party on the theme of the book. Podcasts 76. Talk about the book on your podcast, or if you’re interviewed on another podcast. 77. Interview the author on your podcast. 78. Write to the hosts your favourite relevant podcasts and suggest they interview the author/talk about the book. (For “relevance”, think broadly: if it’s a book about ballet, for example, contact the ballet podcasts as well as the book podcasts.) Note: be polite, to the point, and non spammy. Send one email (or tweet) and let it go. Quotle 79. Add a couple of your favourite sentences to this new social network that’s designed to share book quotes. Wear or carry or use book swag. I bet your friend will have some you can use, or would be happy to get you some, or even let you design it. Best to check though! 80. Get a t-shirt for the gym. 81. Dress up as the book for Halloween. 82. Get a temporary tattoo. 83. Get a permanent tattoo. 84. Get a book-themed manicure. 85. Get a quote or the title of the book as a custom designed necklace or bracelet from Etsy. 86. Get a mug made with a quote from the book or its cover and judiciously leave it around the office. 87. Get a phone case featuring the book in some way. 88. Set your friend’s book cover as the lock screen and/or background screen on your phone â€" it can serve as a conversation starter or as a visual aid for when you’re talking about the book. YouTube 89. Video yourself speaking enthusiastically about the book. 90. Make a book trailer if the book doesn’t have one already. Share the links to it on social media. Twitter 91. Play along with relevant hashtag games. 92. Tweet about the book with hashtags like #fridayreads, #amreading, #memoir, #beachreads, etc. 93. Tweet about the author on a Friday with the #ff (follow Friday) hashtag. 94. On a Monday, tweet a link to a blogpost that mentions the book, with the hashtag #MondayBlogs. (Play fair and also retweet a couple of other tweets with this hashtag.) 95. Search for the author’s name or the book title’s name and selectively, sporadically retweet positive mentions. Pinterest 96. Make a board of things associated with the book. 97. Search relevant pins, and like, comment, and repin them. All social media 98. Follow the author on Facebook, Twitter, the List App, and every other form of social media that has been invented by the time you’re reading this. 99. Like and repost the author’s posts, including links to their other writing. Do this generously. Your friend will love you forever. Trust me Id know.

Alexander The Greats Contributions To His Empire - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 810 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Alexander The Great Essay Did you like this example? Great leaders often leave a lasting impression. Some even speak profoundly. For example, Alexander of Macedonia stated,I had rather excel others in the knowledge of what is excellent, than in the extent of my power and dominion (Alexander the Great Quotes). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alexander The Greats Contributions To His Empire" essay for you Create order He was a famous king who did not fear anyone or anything; he was very powerful and had one of the biggest empires in history. By conquering Persia and Egypt, Alexander the Great had a positive effect on his empire through the development of Hellenistic culture. This culture served as an age of improvement that developed many mathematical, scientific, and medical ideas. Before becoming a king and conquering other areas, Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E in Macedonia . Alexander the Great was born into a royal family. His parents were Philip II and Olympias (Alexander, Britannica). Born into a royal family, he was motivated to become the great king because of his upbringing. Coming from a royal family, he acquired a better education than others. In fact, Leonidas, a relative of this mother,strained him in math. Additionally, he received philosophical training from Aristotle (Alexander, Encyclopedia). From this education and his family, he acquired the knowledge to become a powerful conqueror. When Alexander became king and started his journey conquering, he began with Persia. Alexander the Great wanted to fulfill his fathers dreams of taking over Persia (Nardo). Without his fathers idea of taking over Persia, he would have never had the thought of conquering Persia during his time as a king. Alexander pushed towards Persia, but the people tried to stop Alexander and his army from taking over their empire (Alexander, Britannica). The people of Persia looked weak against his army and the strategic plans of action he had. This demonstrates how well educated he was and how his parents raised him. Then he started to push towards the capital of Persia but, the king of Persia, Darius, stopped him (Nardo). Darius fell quickly to Alexanders army and his strategic plans (Alexander, Encyclopedia). Clearly, Alexander the Great was capable of defeating more powerful people other than the commoners of that empire. Specifically, after Alexander won the battle, Darius fled in fear (Alexa nder, Britannica). Alexander, still pushing forward, found Darius, and killed him (Alexander, Encyclopedia). Now, he has made it to the capital of Persia, Babylon, and took over without a fight. Finally, after eight years he conquered Persia which increased the size of his empire and demonstrated to others how successful he is. During his conquest to Persia, he passed through Egypt and saw how weak they were. Once he arrived in Egypt, the Egyptians hailed him like a god (Alexander, Britannica). Since he was already getting treatment like a god, it was obvious he was liked by the Egyptians. The native priests recognized him as their pharaoh (Nardo). During this time, the people of Egypt called Alexander their pharaoh which demonstrates his level of power he had while he was alive. Alexander stayed in Egypt to help organize their army and hired Egyptian governors (Alexander, Britannica). Then, he built the city Alexandria, which became the center of Hellenistic culture. Along with building a city, Alexander the Great also created the Hellenistic culture. Hellenistic culture is a blend of four different cultures which included, Greek, Indian, Persian, and Egyptian (Alexander, Encyclopedia). The reason for so many different cultures was because Alexander the Great conquered all of these places. This age led to many discoveries and advances in math, science, and medicine (Ellis and Esler 150). With the discovery of this popular culture, it demonstrates Alexanders ability to not only conquer but create. Archimedes is a famous scientist who created the Archimedes Screw (Ellis and Esler 151). The Archimedes screw had one sole purpose when it was created during the Hellenistic culture. Its purpose was to lift water to higher levels for irrigation (Ellis and Esler 151). During this time period in the Hellenistic culture, a new theory was created. An astronomer named Aristarchus argued that the Earth orbited the Sun and that the Earth rotated on an axis (Ell is and Esler 151). This theory he made was called the heliocentric theory. One doctor named Hippocrates studied the cause of illnesses and how to cure them (Ellis and Esler 151). His studies helped many doctors and scientists to see where the illnesses came from and how to cure them. Alexander the Great had several achievements during his lifetime. He was a smart and powerful man who was able to conquer many empires and discover a new culture along the way. His empire stretched from Greece to India. His Hellenistic culture spread Greek ideas throughout these empires and combined them with that of his conquered lands. Hellenistic culture made many improvements in the areas of math, science and medicine. Alexander the Greats contributions to his empire continue to influence the world today.

Is College Tuition A High School - 876 Words

Perhaps, the most frustrating thing about being a high school senior is assembling the future. While a great proportion of high school seniors opt for a four year-university, many modify their original arrangements and attended a community college. Moreover, community college tuition is significantly less than a four-year university and students still receive a top quality education, but at lower cost. Even though a vast number of students intend to transfer their credits to a four-year university, an extensive amount of students drop out. Students drop out because they are overwhelmed with remedial courses and they are unengaged in the classroom. When they drop out they limit their earning potential and accumulate debt. Despite their best efforts to achieve a higher education some college students find themselves less motivated. According to a 2010 report by The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, about 60% of all students entering college find themselves in need of developmental classes, whether they are in mathematics, Reading, or English. While most students accept college and the coursework with a deep sense of responsibility, students who find themselves academically unprepared have to take remedial courses, which are added burdens for them. â€Å"Thirty percent of college and university students drop out after their first year† (Bowler). Colleges have their own scoring system to determine, whether a student has to enroll in remedial courses or not.Show MoreRelatedA Modern Day Setback That Affects The Majority Of Americans1623 Words   |  7 Pagestoday is tuition and at the current rate of inflation, it will affect the upcoming generation. Imagine yourself as an 18-year-old high school student thinking about your future and college. In this situation, you are the student who gets excellent grades and works hard but isn’t financially stable. You, like lots of others, have dreamed of pursuing your education at the school s you have been accepted to but, you have come to the conclusion that it’s not possible for you to attend those schools becauseRead MoreIs College Worth The Money?991 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States alone, roughly about 20.2 million people are attending American universities and colleges as of the fall of 2015 (â€Å"Back to School Statistics†). Students around the country are paying thousands upon thousands of dollars to receive a degree in a field of their choice, where they may or may not be able to use to find work once they graduate. Is college really worth the money? Is it worth putting ourselves tens of thousands of dollars in debt to receive a diploma that doesn’t guaranteeRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfor All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree.Read MoreThe Cost of Tuition Among Colleges and Universities in Highly Diversified and Indefinite926 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of tuition among colleges and universities is highly diversified and indefinite. Students shouldn’t be financial problems that are associated with the high tuition cost for their education because it creates unnecessary stress and financial problems. The student’s primary concern should be their academic performance and learning. The tuition fee includes extracurricular expenses such as lifesty le amenities that may not be essential toward the student education yet they are still being chargedRead MoreIs Post Secondary School Worth It?1405 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Secondary School Worth It? In a society where the inflation of the broad economy is going up, it is being beat by the rapidly increasing tuition costs. Everyday people make the decision whether it is worth paying for high college tuition when job wages are decreasing. However, since the wages of jobs are going down it is more important now that people receiving a degree from a college or university. Therefore they can be on the top of the pay range by having the advantage of getting a job over high schoolRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1688 Words   |  7 Pagescover the costs? Free college is now brought up as a debate whether or not students should receive free college tuition while attending college. Some individuals would like this idea, but I am definite the taxpayers would not like it or support it. If the government cannot afford what they are in debt with now, I am quiet uncertain how adding free college would help the debt go down. I am sure that the government would find some way to get the ir money back from allowing free tuition, or twice the amountRead MoreAmerican University Should Seriously Consider Lowering Tuition Costs892 Words   |  4 Pagescost quite as much as NYU, tuition is still very high, even for in-state public schools. If tuition continues to rise, the amount of students that cannot afford to go to college will increase, and these students will not be able to achieve their full potential. Because of this, colleges and universities in America, particularly public colleges, need to reconsider the cost of tuition. One of the wonderful aspects about college is that students are able to choose what college they want to go to, as opposedRead MoreA Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming1625 Words   |  7 PagesA major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. On top of being affordable, free community college tuition as it stands today is easily exploitable by those who don’t need itRead MoreShould Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No?909 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Lis Professor Holly Boux Political Science 103 December 1st, 2015 Should Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No Dear Representative John Kline, Executive Summary: In the United States, college should remain an accessible opportunity for Americans. Any one who is willing to put in the hard work and effort to make their future better, should be secured an education. A college education is important to one s future and can make a huge difference in how successful someone can become.Read MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And Modern Day Society1504 Words   |  7 Pages College Tuition Imagine college graduation day, walking down the aisle to receive a diploma that one has worked towards for their entire life. However, the moment is bittersweet because one’s education has put him/her into thousands of dollars in debt by the high tuition prices of colleges and loans to the government. Dehumanization by the totalitarian government in the book 1984 by George Orwell is similar to the dehumanization in modern society between the government and colleges onto the student

Freedom and Determinism Free Essays

â€Å"Freedom, Determinism, and the Case for Moral Responsibility: A Look Back at the Murder of Jamie Bulger† begins by telling of the heinous crime that is the centerpiece of this paper. On February 12th 1993, British toddler Jamie Bulger abducted at a local shopping mall in Liverpool, England. Evidence that the two year old was beaten, sexually molested, and clubbed to death with bricks and an iron bar before discarding his body on train tracks. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom and Determinism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The age of his two assailants, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, ten years old. Then they begin to explain the difference of opinions on the responsibility of the murderers. One side labels the boys as savages and criminals, while the other argues that they are â€Å"victims of broader social, economic, and cultural processes. † Sparking the question, are we truly responsible for how we act in society? The essay then moves on to the defense of determinism and how it relates to this specific event, stating that, â€Å"From a determinist point of view, Jon Venables’s and Robert Thompson’s fate was set even before their birth. Born to ill-educated, working class parents, the details of the boys’ lives constitute a veritable catalogue of social ills. † The paper enlightens us on the rough and negative environments that both Jon Venables and Robert Thompson were raised in. Jon’s parents were â€Å"unstable and depressed,† and his dad eventually abandoned his abusive mother, himself and his â€Å"developmentally challenged† siblings. Thompson was the second youngest of â€Å"seven violent and aggressive boys†¦ one of whom was an arsonist and another who was a master thief. His parents were drunks and he witnessed his mother being beaten by his father in many alcoholic driven violent outbursts. The question is raised if Venables and Thompson are morally responsible for the actions leading to the murder of little Jamie. Here is where the paper really dives into the determinist philosphy, stating â€Å"the Determinist argument holds that a person’s heredity and env ironment fix the choice before it is made. † Using legitimate sources such as â€Å"The Delusion of Free Will† by Robert Blatchford and â€Å"What Means This Freedom† by John Hospers, the essay presents sound reasoning to the determinist view. Taking from Blatchford, the point â€Å"that teaching is part of our environment and that we act as we have been taught that we ought to act. Thus, though we may act as we choose, we will choose as heredity and environment cause us to choose† John Hospers suggests that one holds no responsible for any of ones actions because actions â€Å"grow out of his character, which is shaped and molded and made what it is by influences . . . that were not of his own making or choosing† The paper also presents some arguments against the deterministic view from the free will perspective. Another essay, â€Å"A Brief Defense of Free Will† by Tibor Macha, and his opinion â€Å"the fact that some people with bad childhoods turn out to be crooks while others are decent would seem to indicate that people can cause and are responsible for at least some of what they do,† is examined. In â€Å"The Problem of Free Will,† W. T. Stace states, â€Å"In the case of Jamie Bulger’s murderers, young as they were at the time, the drive to inflict unimaginable pain on the toddler, at the moment they did it, does not seem to have been externally caused. They desired to do it. They were not motivated by any external factor, such as the proverbial gun to the head. They were morally responsible for their action and thus deserved to be punished. † While this paper makes a reasonable and knowledgeable argument for us to try to look at crimes like this from a more deterministic view, I have a hard time converting. Being that I am a criminal justice major, I am aware that there are many different theories on why crimes are committed, and not only what should be done to help prevent them from happening again, but what kind of treatment or punishment the perpetrator(s) should receive to more effectively rehabilitate them. I am one that stands with firm justice on brutal acts like this, regardless of age. Although in a violent and criminalistic environment, the kids were not directly forced to commit such a gruesome act, nor did they ever witness it from their parents. Therefore, in my opinion, the responsibility lies within the kids for their desire to not only torture, but kill. How to cite Freedom and Determinism, Papers

paper Essays - Mental Health Professionals, Confidentiality, Secrecy

Counseling is a complex profession bound by a series of ethical guidelines that many other people are not (Course Hero, n.d.). Trained therapists can be a great help to their clients, but can also sometimes perform a great disservice to them (Course Hero, n.d.). Many of these codes of ethics that counselors are made to follow are instrumental in how effective one can be with their patient. For example, much like doctors, counselors are bound to confidentiality Sometimes this can raise certain ethical dilemmas such as if it were revealed that the patient has committed a crime. (Course Hero, n.d.) In other cases, the counselor may discover a drug addiction, but be limited in the steps that can be taken to help their client with the problem. Dr. Rich points out that counselors are, (Course Hero, n.d.) "not policemen" and are not, "[their] client's mother". (Course Hero, n.d.) Instead, he argues, counselors should view themselves as a helper and as a catalyst for change that the client wants to achieve, rather than as the sole initiator. "Urging the client to seek help themselves is a critical step in adhering to the ethics both set forth by the American Psychological Association and binding the counselor to the assurance of getting their client the help that is needed."(Course Hero, n.d.)There are five basic principles of the codes of ethics that counselors must abide by: beneficence - or accepting responsibility for promoting what is good for others (enhance the client's well being) - non-maleficence - or doing no harm; avoiding activities that have a high risk of hurting clients - autonomy - meaning the clients are the self-determiners and weigh the consequences of their own actions, and that client dependency should be decreased while independent decision making is fostered - justice - the equal and fair treatment of all clients - and fidelity - or the honoring of commitment to clients. These five moral values are the basis upon which the professional ethics o f counseling are built. Understanding these five principles lends to derivation of the entirety of the professional code. Counselors must also provide informed consent, meaning that clients understand all the ethical and moral considerations that counselors must adhere to, understand their rights of privacy and the limitations of this confidentiality, and know their rights to access all files pertaining to their sessions.The majority of the ethical requirements for counselors are created for a twofold purpose, being both to serve the client and to serve the counselor. It is ideal if the morals of the counselor never come in to play. In other words, responsibility should be deferred to a larger body that sets forth the code of ethics than to each counselor who must make determinations on the spot. For example, the requirements of confidentiality are such that no information about any client may be revealed to any source at any time unless the client poses a danger to themselves or ot hers, is under 16 or over 65 and a victim of physical or sexual abuse, threatens physical or sexual abuse to persons under 16 or over 65, or unless part of a court action. By setting forth these rigid guidelines, individual counselors are not required to rely on a stand of personal morality to make determinations but must, instead, adhere to an outside body's ethical rules. The primary effect of ethical issues on counselors is to establish a method of protection for both counselor and client with an accepted and orthodox set of guidelines that do not challenge or call into consideration the individual morals of the people involved. In this way, ethics' is separated from morals'. A non-denominational set of ethics established for the safety of persons bound by said set prevents snap moral decisions that would result in a variation between counselors. These ethical guides present a method of unifying and normalizing the profession of counseling